Computer typesetting

TeX is an archetype of a computer book arrangement that makes use of ligatures automatically. The Computer Avant-garde Roman book provided with TeX includes the 5 accepted ligatures ff, fi, fl, ffi, and ffl. When TeX finds these combinations in a argument it substitutes the adapted ligature, unless overridden by the typesetter. Opinion is disconnected over whether it is the job of writers or typesetters to adjudge area to use ligatures.

The OpenType chantry architecture includes appearance for advertence assorted glyphs to a individual character, acclimated for band substitution. Book software may or may not apparatus this feature, even if it is absolutely present in the font's metadata. XeTeX is a TeX book engine advised to accomplish the a lot of of such avant-garde features. This blazon of barter acclimated to be bare mainly for book Arabic texts, but band lookups and substitutions are getting put into all kinds of Western Latin OpenType fonts.

Typical ligatures in Latin script

This table beneath shows detached letter pairs on the left, the agnate Unicode band in the average column, and the Unicode cipher point on the right. Provided you are application an operating arrangement and browser that can handle Unicode, and accept the actual Unicode fonts installed, some or all of these will affectation correctly. See aswell the provided graphic.

Unicode maintains that ligaturing is a presentation affair rather than a appearance analogue issue, and that, for example, "if a avant-garde chantry is asked to affectation 'h' followed by 'r', and the chantry has an 'hr' band in it, it can affectation the ligature." Accordingly, the use of the appropriate Unicode band characters is "discouraged", and "no added will be encoded in any circumstances".14 Note about that ligatures such as æ and œ are never acclimated to alter approximate 'ae' or 'oe' sequences – 'does' can never be accounting 'dœs'.

editLigatures in Unicode (Latin-derived alphabets)

See also: Account of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode#Ligatures

This account is incomplete; several medieval ligatures in the U+A732 to U+A73D range, as able-bodied as a few others in that vicinity, are not yet listed.

Non-ligature Ligature Unicode HTML

Et & U+0026 &

Еїs, Еїz Гџ U+00DF ß

AE, ae Г†, Г¦ U+00C6, U+00E6 Æ æ

OE, oe Е’, Е“ U+0152, U+0153 Œ œ

IJ, ij ДІ, Ді U+0132, U+0133 IJ ij

ue ᵫ U+1D6B ᵫ

ff п¬Ђ U+FB00 ff

fi п¬Ѓ U+FB01 fi

fl fl U+FB02 fl

ffi п¬ѓ U+FB03 ffi

ffl ffl U+FB04 ffl

Еїt п¬… U+FB05 ſt

st st U+FB06 st

Also, there are abstracted cipher credibility for the digraph DZ and for the Croatian digraphs DЕЅ, LJ, and NJ. They are not ligatures but digraphs. See Digraphs in Unicode.

Ligatures acclimated alone in phonetic transcription:

Non-ligature Ligature Unicode HTML

db Иё U+0238 ȸ

qp (cp) И№ U+0239 ȹ

lК’ (or lezh) Й® U+026E ɮ

dz КЈ U+02A3 ʣ

dК’ (or dezh) К¤ U+02A4 ʤ

dК‘ (or dz curl) КҐ U+02A5 ʥ

ts К¦ U+02A6 ʦ

tКѓ (or tesh) К§ U+02A7 ʧ

tЙ• (or tc curl) КЁ U+02A8 ʨ

fЕ‹ К© U+02A9 ʩ

ls КЄ U+02AA ʪ

lz К« U+02AB ʫ

U+0238 and U+0239 are alleged digraphs, but are in fact ligatures.15